Program

In this part of the book, you’ll improve your programming skills. Programming is a cross-cutting skill needed for all data science work: you must use a computer to do data science; you cannot do it in your head, or with pencil and paper.

Figure 1: Programming is the water in which all the other components swim.

Programming produces code, and code is a tool of communication. Obviously code tells the computer what you want it to do. But it also communicates meaning to other humans. Thinking about code as a vehicle for communication is important because every project you do is fundamentally collaborative. Even if you’re not working with other people, you’ll definitely be working with future-you! Writing clear code is important so that others (like future-you) can understand why you tackled an analysis in the way you did. That means getting better at programming also involves getting better at communicating. Over time, you want your code to become not just easier to write, but easier for others to read.

In the following three chapters, you’ll learn skills to improve your programming skills:

1. Copy-and-paste is a powerful tool, but you should avoid doing it more than twice. Repeating yourself in code is dangerous because it can easily lead to errors and inconsistencies. Instead, in 25  Functions, you’ll learn how to write functions which let you extract out repeated tidyverse code so that it can be easily reused.

2. Functions extract out repeated code, but you often need to repeat the same actions on different inputs. You need tools for iteration that let you do similar things again and again. These tools include for loops and functional programming, which you’ll learn about in 26  Iteration.

3. As you read more code written by others, you’ll see more code that doesn’t use the tidyverse. In 27  A field guide to base R, you’ll learn some of the most important base R functions that you’ll see in the wild.

The goal of these chapters is to teach you the minimum about programming that you need for data science. Once you have mastered the material here, we strongly recommend that you continue to invest in your programming skills. We’ve written two books that you might find helpful. Hands on Programming with R, by Garrett Grolemund, is an introduction to R as a programming language and is a great place to start if R is your first programming language. Advanced R by Hadley Wickham dives into the details of R the programming language; it’s great place to start if you have existing programming experience and great next step once you’ve internalized the ideas in these chapters.